Figure 1.
Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the three Rafflesiaceae species and two Tetrastigma species included in this study.
Phylogenetic relationships (A) and divergence times (B). Holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae (red) is a member of the order Malpighiales, and its obligate host Tetrastigma (blue) is a member of the Vitaceae family. The approximate divergence time between the parasite and host clade is 115 Ma [24]–[27]. Mitochondrial genome sequences generated in this study are marked with asterisks, and the node age error bars (95% highest posterior density intervals) are shown in green. The accepted phylogenetic relationships are based on APG III [38] and Qiu et al. [40], and the divergence times of Rafflesiaceae and Tetrastigma are based on Bendiksby et al. [48] and Chen et al. [49], respectively.
Figure 2.
Gene organization of three assembled contigs for Rafflesiaceae (Rafflesia cantleyi, Rafflesia tuan-mudae, and Sapria himalayana), Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), and Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae).
(A–C) The green and red boxes indicate Ricinus-like and Vitis-like genes, respectively. Pseudogenes are represented by striped boxes, and the sequence length (in kilobases [kb]) is indicated to the right of each assembled contig. Gene organization of Ricinus and Vitis mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) follows Rivarola et al. [20] and Goremykin et al. [23], respectively.
Table 1.
Horizontally transferred (HGT) sequences identified in the mitochondrial genomes of Rafflesia cantleyi, Rafflesia tuan-mudae, and Sapria himalayana with associated statistics.