Fig 1.
Location of the study site, the municipality of Mâncio Lima, Acre state, Brazil.
1: Brazilian Federal Units and the Amazon, also known as Legal Amazonia (magenta line in the map); 2: Acre and Amazonas states in dark and light gray, respectively, with the municipalities convered in this study highlighted in the weastern portion of the Fig 3: The municipalities of the upper Juruá Valley region: Mâncio Lima, Rodrigues Alves and Cruzeiro do Sul in Acre state and Guajará in Amazonas state. Dark thick lines represent the municipalities’ borders. The triangles show the town of each municipality, and in light green the forest cover in contrast with gray representing mostly deforested areas. Roads and streets are represented. Figure created with QGIS software version 3.14, an open source Geographic Information System (GIS) licensed under the GNU General Public License (https://bit.ly/2BSPB2F). Publicly available shape files provided from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) website (https://bit.ly/34gMq0S). Vegetated areas retrieved from Brazilian Institute for Space Research (2018) PRODES Project (https://bit.ly/33Q6wBD.) Roads and streets obtained from the Open Street Map Foundation website (https://bit.ly/36T2n1A). All utilized geographical data are under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).
Fig 2.
Timeline of the cross-sectional surveys of urban residents in Mâncio Lima, Brazil, during which mobility data were collected.
In the May-June 2019 survey (orange circle in the figure), we collected information about overnight trips from September 2018 to April 2019; while in September-October 2019 survey (blue circle in the figure), we collected information about overnight trips from May to August 2019, then obtaining travel histories for the entire period of 12 months (September 2018 to August 2019).
Fig 3.
Map showing the location of the town of Mâncio Lima and the 65 localities in the upper Juruá Valley region that were mentioned as travel destinations by study participants.
Georeferenced localities are represented by circles with size proportional to their population size and filled with tones from light yellow to dark brown that are proportional to malaria transmission intensity, using the average annual parasite incidences (APIs) for both P. vivax and P. falciparum between 2016 and 2018 as a proxy (higher APIs in darker tones).
Fig 4.
Trip destinations of residents in the town of Mâncio Lima according to number of overnight stays.
As in Fig 1, the map shows the location of the town of Mâncio Lima and the 65 localities in the upper Juruá Valley region with overnigths reported by study participants. Georeferenced localities are represented by circles with size proportional to their population size and filled with tones from light orange to dark brown that are proportional to the number of overnights in each locality between September 2018 and August 2019 (larger number of overnights in darker tones). The lower panel shows the cumulative number and proportion of overnights in the top-15 localities; their identification codes (IDs) are shown in the map.
Table 1.
Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of correlates of urban-to-rural overall mobility (left columns) and mobility to high-risk areas (right columns) in the study population of Mâncio Lima, northwestern Brazil (n = 1,903).
Table 2.
Mixed-effects negative binomial regression analysis of correlates of urban-to-rural overall mobility (left columns) and mobility to high-risk areas (right columns), in the study population of Mâncio Lima, northwestern Brazil (n = 1,903).
Fig 5.
Map showing the localities recorded as source of imported malaria cases diagnosed and treated in Mâncio Lima between 2016 and 2018.
Localities are represented by circles with size proportional to the total number of malaria cases acquired in each locality that were diagnosed and treated in the town of Mâncio Lima between 2016 and 2018 (quintiles). Localities situated at < 20km from the town (Euclidian distance) are shown in bown. The numbers of infections per locality that were imported to the town are shown in S8 Table.