Num. 20, pp. 1-15, ISSN 1405-2768; Mexico, 2005
CLADOCOLEA OLIGANTHA (LORANTHACEAE) A NEW RECORD FOR VERACRUZ,
MEXICO, AND GENERAL DATA ON THIS TAXON
Miguel de Jesús Cházaro Basáñez
Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación Territorial,
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades,Universidad de
Guadalajara, Av. Maestros y Mariano Bárcenas, CP 44260, Guadalajara, Jalisco,
México. E-mail: pachy8@prodigy.net.mx
Héctor Oliva Rivera
Feliza Ramón Farías
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana,
Apartado Postal 177, Córdoba, Veracruz, México. E-mail: holiva@uv.mx
and framon@uv.mx
and
José Antonio Vázquez-García
Instituto de Botánica, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología,
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Universidad de
Guadalajara, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, México. E-mail: jvazquez@cucba.udg.mx
ABSTRACT
Cladocolea oligantha is first recorded for
Veracruz State (eastern-central Mexico), as a 500
km disjunction, perhaps resulting from recent
long distance dispersal by frugivorous birds. This
hemiparasitic mistletoe seems to prefer trees of
Bursera spp. in tropical dry forests. Thus, it is
abundant and frequent in drier western Mexico
and extremely rare in moist eastern Mexico.
Key words: mistletoe, disjunction, Gulf of
Mexico, long distance dispersal, frugivorous
birds
RESUMEN
Cladocolea oligantha (Loranthaceae) es
reportada por primera vez para el estado de
Veracruz, México, como una disyunción de más
de 500 km, quizá como resultado de introducción
reciente por aves frugívoras. Esta especie
hemiparásita de muérdago parece preferir árboles
de Bursera ssp. en bosque tropical caducifolio,
por lo cual es abundante y frecuente en la más
seca vertiente del Pacífico, en el occidente de
México y extremadamente rara en la más
húmeda vertiente del Golfo de México.
INTRODUCTION
Preliminary studies of Loranthaceae and
Viscaceae in central Veracruz and in neighboring
areas of Puebla reported 23 species in four
genera, Arceuthobium, Phoradendron,
Psittacanthus and Struthanthus (Oliva 1983;
Cházaro and Olive, 1987a, 1987b, 1988a, 1988b,
1988c; Cházaro, 1989b). As a result of these
studies, several novelties were detected, such as
the presence of Dendrophthora costaricensis
Urban, Municipality of Xico, Veracruz, as a new
record for the flora of Mexico (Cházaro and
1
Oliva, 1991). This has also informed the
Loranthaceae and Viscaceae inventory for the
state of Veracruz (Sosa & Gómez-Pompa, 1994)
(Table 1).
The purpose of this study is to register for the
first time the presence of Cladocolea oligantha
in the state of Veracruz, provide hypotheses
about its observed disjunction and provide
additional chorological, phenological and
ecological data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An inventory of Loranthaceae and Viscaceae in
central Veracruz and in the neighboring areas of
Puebla began systematically since 1981, with
frequent field trips every two weeks the first year
(Olive, 1983; Cházaro and Olive, 1987a, 1987b,
1988a, 1988b, 1988c; Cházaro, 1989b). The
information was supplemented by consulting
specimens from the following national herbaria:
CORU, CHAP, CHAPA, EBUM, ENCB,
GUADA, IBUG, IEB, Interpretation, MEXU,
SLPM, XAL and XALU, and foreign ones: CAS,
F, MICH, MO, UC and WIS.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cladocolea Van Tieghem
Is a primarily Mexican genus with 22 species, 17
of which occur in the Mexican Republic mainly
in tropical deciduous forest of the Pacific slope,
in the Balsas Basin, Guerrero, Michoacan and
Oaxaca (Kuijt, 1975, 1991, 1992 .) Here is the
first report for the states of Veracruz and
Zacatecas (fig. 1).
Cladocolea oligantha (Standl. & Steyerm.)
Kuijt. 1975.
Struthanthus oliganthus Standl. & Steyerm.
1944. Type: GUATEMALA, Department of
Huehuetenango, San Ildefonso above Ixhuacan,
1600-1700 m, 15 August 1942, Julian A.
Steyermark No. 50 672 (F). Its specific epithet
refers to its few flowers, 3 per inflorescence,
from Latin oligos = few and anthos = flower.
Cladocolea oligantha is a perennial herb,
dioecious, stems sparsely branched, completely
glabrous, up to a meter in length, terete, thick,
erect, somewhat fleshy, gray bark, without
epicortical roots, alternate to subopposite leaves,
fleshy, variably, lanceolate to oblanceolate, apex
rounded to acute, base tapering to the petiole,
this 2-4 mm long. Flowers 5 x 2 mm,
tetramerous, grouped into three (triads), covering
a peduncle of 0.5 cm long, petals greenish
stained red, fruit round, 5 x 7 mm, red, turning
glossy black when ripe (Kuijt, 1975 and Standley
and Steyermark, 1946) (fig. 2).
Distribution: Here we report for the first time
two populations of C. oligantha from the state of
Veracruz, which represents the first record of the
genus Cladocolea for that entity and the slope of
the Gulf Mexico, as it was only known from the
Pacific Ocean side and the center of the country.
Although C. oligantha is reported as endemic to
the department of Huehuetenango, Guatemala
(Standley and Steyermark, 1946), we now know
it is the species with the broadest geographic
distribution of the genus, occurring in Mexico
from Jalisco to Chiapas and Central America
from Guatemala to Panama at altitudes of 50 to
1850 m (Kuijt, 1975; Breedlove, 1986).
Although its occurrence is expected in certain
states such as Nayarit, Michoacan and Morelos,
this has not has been documented (Rodriguez and
Espinosa, 1996, Tellez, 1994 and Bonilla and
Villaseñor, 2003). Neither has it hitherto been
known from El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica and northern Panama, so the
population of central Panama represents a major
disjunction of 2000 km (Kuijt, 1978; Burger &
Kuijt, 1983). The report of Cladocolea hintonii
Kuiijt (Anonymous, 1992), cited in the
Diccionario de Especies de la Flora de
Veracruz, is invalid because it is a determination
error. According to a specimen from the CHAPA
herbarium, which this report was based, we
affirm that the correct determination is
Struthanthus deppeanus (Schlechten & Cham.)
Blume.
Habitat and phenology: tropical deciduous forest
sensu Rzedowski (1978), tropical deciduous
forest of Miranda and Hernández X (1963) and
2
subtropical matorral Rzedowski and McVaugh
(1966). It blooms from April to August and fruits
from October to January.
Hosts: according to the specimens observed in
herbaria and direct observations, it seems to be
specific to trees of the genus Bursera (called
llamados copal or papelillos [confetti]), reported
on: B. simaruba, B. pinnata, B. palmeri, B.
schlechtendalii, and B. copallifera. Only on the
coast of Jalisco has it been found on
Amphypterygium glaucum and A. adstringes
(cuachalalate), species in the family
Anacardiaceae, closely related phylogenetically
to Bursera, as can be inferred by the presence of
mistletoe on both genera (Mabberley, 1987).
Specimens examined (arranged north to south).
ZACATECAS: Municipality. of Juchipila,
Pinion Hill, W of Pueblo Viejo, parasitizing
Bursera copallifera. September 1, 1991, flowers
cream, M. Cházaro B., A. Flores M. and R.
Acevedo R. 6708 (XAL, WIS). JALISCO:
Municipality La Huerta. Chamela Biological
Station, parasitizing Amphypterygium
adstringens. June 29, 1982, flowers salmon pink E. J. Lott 1106 (MEXU, ENCB). Mpio.
Tomatlán, 4 km W of Tomatlán on the road that
connects to the coastal road, 50 meters,
parasitizing Bursera sp. August 26, 1976,
flowers yellow-green, scarce. J. Rzedowski & R.
McVaugh 1347. (ENCB, MICH). Mpio. Cabo
Corrientes, between Tehuamixtle and Maito, 50
m, parasite on Amphipterigium glaucum. January
6, 1990, black fruits. T. S. Cochrane, M. Cházaro
B. and M. Leach 12002 (WIS). Mpio. Jocotepec,
Cerro Viejo, channel de la Peña Blanca, N of
Zapotitán to Hidalgo, parasitic on Bursera
bipinnata. July 15, 1990, flowers cream, J. A.
Machuca 6543 (IEB, XAL, WIS). Mpio.
Jocotepec, Sierra de las Vigas, N of San Juan
Cozala, 1800-1900 m, parasitic on Bursera
palmeri. December 16, 1990, black fruits, M.
Cházaro B. and J. A. Machuca N. 6482. (XAL,
IEB, WIS). COLIMA: 20 km SSW of Colima,
on the road to Manzanillo, 400 meters,
parasitizing Bursera schlechtendalii. August 28,
1976. J. Rzedowski & R McVaugh 1425 (ENCB,
MICH). Rancho Guerrero M. E. Jones 423
(U.S.). (Taken from Kuijt, 1975.) GUERRERO:
Mpio. Zumpango del Río; plateau at the top of a
hill 5.5 km S of Valerio Trujano, parasitizing
Bursera. July 1, 1986, yellow-green flowers J. L.
Contreras 370. (FCME, MEXU); Mpio.
Chilpancingo, Cerro de Alquitrán, near
Mazatlán. M.s.n.m. 1500, parasitic on Bursera
bipinnata. July 5, 1972, flower buds J.
Rzedowski 22674 (ENCB, CAS), Mpio.
Zumpango del Rio, near Mezcala, 1000 meters,
parasitic branches of Bursera sp., November 10.
1995, M. Cházaro B. and B. L. Mostul 7563
(IEB, IBUG), Mpio. Chilpancingo, west of
Mazatlán, 1340 m, 9 November 1995, a parasite
of Bursera bipinnata. M. Cházaro B., B. L.
Mostul and O. E. Magellan 7571 (IEB, IBUG,
XAL). Mpio. Chilpancingo, microwave Cabin,
road Chipalcingo to Chichihualco, 1450 m,
November 10, 1995, black fruits, infesting the
branches of Bursera sp., M. Cházaro B., B. L.
Mostul and F. Maradiaga C. 7574 (IEB, IBUG,
XAL). EDO DE MEXICO: Temascaltepec
District, Naranjo, 860 meters, a parasitic on a
cirián. G. B. Hinton 4730 (CAS). Collected by
Kuijt, (1975). PUEBLA: Mpio. Jolalpan of
Teotlalco to Jolalpan, 1106 m, 1 November
1994, black fruits, parasitizing the branches of
Bursera copallifera, M. Cházaro B., B. L. Mostul
and A. Guerrero García 7469 (IEB, IBUG,
XAL). Mpio. Petlalcingo, 12 km NW of
Petlalcingo, along the Pan American Highway on
the road to Acatlán. 1350 m.a.s.l. H. H. Iltis &
Koeppen 1616 (MICH, U.S., WIS). Taken from
Kuijt (1975). Mpio. Izúcar Matamoros, 7 miles
southeast of Matamoros Izúcar 1659 meters, on
Bursera sp., G. Webster, Miller & Miller 11446
(GH). Taken from Kuijt (1975). OAXACA:
Mpio. Huatulco. Top of the hill, 5 km from the
main road through the gap to the beaches of
Cacaluta, 70 m.a.s.l, November 7, 1992. Fruits
green. G. C. Castillo, P. Zamora C. and F.
González 9586 (XAL). Mpio. Juchitán, Pan
American Highway. 12.5 km E of Juchitán, 0-50
m.a.s.l. R. McVaugh 21853. (MICH). Taken from
Kuijt (1975). Mpio. Mitla, mountains 3 km north
of Mitla towards Ayutla (Sierra Mixe), 17001800 m, November 4, 1994, black fruits,
3
Fig. 1. Cladocolea oligantha (Standl. & Steyer.) Kuijt. A. Flower (J.A. Machuca 6543)
(XAL). B. Fruit M. Cházaro B. 6482 (IEB).
parasitic Bursera sp., M. Chazaro B., B. L.
Mostul and A. Guerrero García 7487 (IEB,
IBUG, XAL). Mpio. Oaxaca, next to the
archeological ruins of Monte Albán, 1800 m,
November 3, 1994, black fruits, parasitic on
Bursera bipinnata. M. Chazaro B., B. L. Mostul
and A. Guerrero García 7482 (IEB, IBUG,
XAL). VERACRUZ: Mpio. Puente Nacional,
roadside Pachuquilla- Col. Barrios. 200 m.a.s.l.
October 15, 1992, blackish fruits, parasitizing
Bursera simaruba. H. Oliva R. and F. Ramón
Farías 1221 (CORU, WIS). Mpio. Xalapa, the
gap to El Terrero to El Lencero, near the ranch
Ojuelos, 1000 meters, parasitic on Bursera
simaruba. April 9, 1993, floral buds, M. Cházaro
B., Rudy Cházaro Hernández and Paskynnell
Cházaro Hernández 7148 (XAL). CHIAPAS:
Mpio. Amatenango de la Frontera, between
Frontera Comalapa and Amatenango de la
Frontera, 860 meters, October 12, 1980,
immature fruits. D. E. Breedlove & J. Strother
46139 (CAS).
Hypothesis
The disjunction of C. oligantha, with only two
known populations from the slope of the Gulf of
Mexico, raises the questions and hypotheses
about how and when did it arrive in eastern
Mexico?
1A. Deliberately introduced species? A known
case of purposeful introduction is from the seeds
of the mistletoe Viscum album, a Eurasian
species whose seeds were deliberately brought
from England by American horticulturist Luther
Burbank in 1900 to his home in Sebastopol,
California, USA, and implanted on an apple tree.
From there, the American robins (Turdus) and
cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) began to
disperse the seeds in all directions, as
documented in Hawksworth et al. (1991). Since
C. oligantha has not been reported in fruit trees
or orchards, this hypothesis seems unlikely.
1B. Accidentally introduced species? There are
some cases of mistletoe that have been
introduced to urban areas outside their natural
range. Wax leaf privet trees (Ligustrum lucidum)
grown in a nursery and infected in situ by a
mistletoe, were transported with the parasite
unnoticed and planted as urban vegetation. Privet
and mistletoe grew simultaneously and when the
latter reached maturity, the fruits were eaten by
birds who were responsible for dispersing from
one ornamental tree to another, as has been
documented for the following three species.
Cladocolea loniceroides (van Tieghem) Kuijt
(fig. 3) was the first mistletoe accidentally
introduced, which has been documented for
Mexico. C. loniceroides occurs naturally in
Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Mexico, Morelos
and Oaxaca. In 1971 it was observed on privet
plants, Ligustrum, in Mexico City: J. Gimate
Leyva s/n (ENCB and MICH), and we believe
that the privet was taken from a nursery in
Cuernavaca, Morelos (Calderón, 1979 and
personal observations).
Struthanthus quercicola (Schl. & Cham.) Blume
(fig. 4), is the second documented case of an
adventitious mistletoe in the Valley of Mexico
(Cházaro and Acosta, 1992), growing on
Ligustrum trees in Ciudad Universitaria, National
University Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.
In 1993 it was also observed in a public park in
the city of Tlaxcala on privet trees, and in 1994 it
was found in the central park of Pachuca,
Hidalgo, also growing on Ligustrum trees
(Acosta and Cházaro, 1994). In nature this
species is distributed from the Gulf of Mexico,
Hidalgo, Queretaro, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca,
Tabasco to Chiapas, extending from Central
America to Panama (Burger and Kuijt, 1983).
Struthanthus interruptus (HBK) Blume (fig. 5) is
the third case of an adventitious mistletoe in
Mexico, accidentally introduced on privet trees
from a nursery outside the region corresponding
to the Guadalajara metropolitan area (ZMG).
Struthanthus interruptus is distributed naturally
from Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan,
Guerrero and Oaxaca, and Morelos (Bonilla and
Villaseñor, 2003). In Jalisco it grows from near
sea level on Rhizophora mangle, to 1350 m, near
Tecolotlán on mesquite, Prosopis laevigata. In
5
Fig. 2. Map of the geographical distribution of Cladocolea oligantha in the Republic of Mexico.
6
1987 it was observed in the municipality of
Zapopan, behind the Basilica of Zapopan, in
front of the post office (at the intersection of
Vicente Guerrero and Gomez Farias), with cream
flowers, growing on a Ligustrum tree, M.
Cházaro B. No. 5210 (IBUG), erroneously
identified as Struthanthus aff. quercicola by
Cházaro. We assume that this mistletoe came to
the ZMG in 1985, on a privet tree from a nursery
in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco or from Uruapan,
Michoacan, where S. interruptus is very common
and abundant on urban trees. By 1996 it was
already established on 15 tree species (Vázquez,
1996), 20 species by 1997, by 2003 [the number]
had risen to 47 native or exotic tree species
(Ruvalcava et al. 2003) and by 2004, López and
Guerrero (2004) reported 58 species of trees as
hots for this mistletoe, thus becoming a major
plant for the ZMG. This hypothesis has little
support as C. oligantha has not been observed on
Ligustrum trees or other urban forest species.
1C. Species dispersed long distances by
ornitochory? There is abundant evidence of
ecto- and endozoochory of mistletoes by
frugivorous birds (Bray, 1910; Alvarez, 1979;
Davidar, 1983; Restrepo, 1985; Hernández,
1991). Even without having reliable data,
Cházaro and Oliva (1991) attributed to migratory
birds long distance dispersal of Dendrophthora
costaricensis, a mistletoe that "jumps" from the
north of Guatemala to the center of the state of
Veracruz, a disjunction of more than 1500 km.
On the other hand, Johnston (1992) also refers to
birds as seed dispersers of Bursera spp.
Importantly, bird droppings containing large
numbers of Phoradendron bolleanum seeds that
stuck on the trunk and branches of a cypress
(Cupressus benthamii) have been documented
near Guadalupe Sarabia, Township
Tepeyahualco, Puebla (Cházaro and Oliva,
1988c). The same authors, in a coffee plantation
in Las Animas, municipality of Xalapa,
Veracruz, found that the excreta of birds
containing seeds Struthanthus quercicola
attached to the top of the leaf of coffee plants
(Coffea arabica). Sutton (1951) documented
with in situ observations in the states of
Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and Michoacan, birds of the
family Thraupidae (tanagers) eating mature
berries of Phoradendron spp. Morphological
data for C. oligantha, fleshy fruits, of
considerable size and glossy black, allow us to
infer dispersal of the ornithochory type.
However, this is without data obtained on the
dispersers of Cladocolea seeds in general and
Cladocolea oligantha in particular.
Cladocolea cupulata Kuijt, a species disjunct by
over 400 km, south and west Jalisco and central
Durango and Sinaloa (Gonzalez et al. 1991), by
this disjunct pattern, it could have an explanation
similar to C. oligantha via ornithochory dispersal
over long distances. It was recently collected
west of Revolcaderos, 4 km before the Palmetto,
Sinaloa, on Pinus. M. Cházaro B., P. D.
Sorensen and S. E. González 6563 (IBUG, IEB,
XAL, WIS).
Since many cases are known of long distance
dispersal of mistletoe seeds to more than 1000
km to remote oceanic islands (Kuijt, 2003;
Schoedde Barlow, 1993) then it is likely that the
distance of ca. 500 km that exists between
populations of C. oligantha, from the west to the
east of Mexico, could well be covered by any
bird with a constipated bowel, perhaps attracted
by the fruits of Bursera that are also eaten and
dispersed by frugivorous birds. Furthermore
Cladocolea morphology and the current
distribution of C. oligantha in natural forests,
points towards the ornithochory long distance
dispersal hypothesis. On this question, is it a
recent arrival or did it pass unnoticed by
botanical collectors? We favor a recent arrival of
the species, based on: a) The center of the state
of Veracruz is, after the Valley of Mexico, the
region of the country best explored botanically,
since 1968 Dr. Arturo Gómez-Pompa worked the
Flora of Veracruz project and was visited by
European botanists from 1800 onwards
(Cházaro, 1989a); b) M. Cházaro B. and H. R.
Oliva, passed through in 1981 and 1982 (and
sporadically in subsequent years) by collecting
mistletoe throughout the central portion of the
state of Veracruz, a couple of times walking
7
Fig. 3. Cladocolea loniceroides (Van Tieghem) Kuijt. A) Branch with fruits. M. Cházaro
et al., 4543; B) Flower. R. Ornelas et al., 929 (XAL).
8
paths of the two sites (between Barrios and Col.
Pachuquilla, and about Ojuelos) where in 1992
we found this species; c) Medina (1988)
conducted a floristic inventory of the Barranca de
Acazónica, passing several times through the
listed localities, without finding nor reporting C.
oligantha, being right there where H. Oliva R.
and F. Ramón F. found it in October 1992, the
first record of this taxon for Veracruz. On the
other hand, when the host (Bursera spp.) presents
foliage in the rainy season, C. oligantha is
difficult to distinguish as the stems of mistletoe
are similar in color and texture to those of the
host. Based on the foregoing, it seems unlikely
(though not impossible) that C. oligantha had
gone unnoticed by botanical collectors. This
leads us to suppose that the species arrived in
Veracruz recently, since in both cases there was
only one infected tree, and this is the "palo
mulato" (Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.), planted
as living fence, the only host available.
coordinator, respectively, of the Department of
Geography and Regional Planning, CUCSH,
University of Guadalajara, for his academic
support. The curators of the herbaria: CAS,
CORU, CHAP, CHAPA, EBUM, ENCB, F,
GUADA, IBUG, IEB, INIF, MEXU, MICH,
MO, SLPM, UC, WIS, XAL, and XALU for
their help in reviewing their collections.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Patiño A Rosa María Beltrán (RIP), Faculty of
Medicine, Central South University, University
of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, for the
illustrations. A Theodore S. Cochrane,
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, USA, for sending copies of literature
that was not available in the country. To Dr. Burl
L. Mostul, Dr. Clyde L. Calvin, and Victor
Marquardt Portland State University, Oregon,
USA, with whom we have made several
botanical collecting trips to different states, who
provided their own financing. To José Antonio
Machuca Núñez, Arturo García Guerrero,
Agustín Flores Macías, Raúl Acevedo Rosas,
Socorro González Elizondo, Francisco
Maradiaga C., Rudy Miguel and Alejandro
Paskynnell Cházaro Hernández, for their help in
field work. M. Cházaro B expresses his sincere
appreciation to Dr. Juan Manuel Durán Juárez,
rector of the Central University for Social
Sciences and Humanities of the University of
Guadalajara, and for his continued financial
support of academic research projects. To M. C.
Hirineo Martínez Barragán and to M. C.
Armando Chávez Hernández, leader and career
Anónimo, 1992. Diccionario de especies de la
flora de Veracruz. Instituto de Ecología
A. C. y University of CaliforniaRiverside, USA. Barlow, B. A. & R.
Schoedde 1993. Bird disperal of
Loranthaceous mistletoes to remote
pacific islands: symbiosis in default.
Beaufortia, 43(8): 124-129.
LITERATURE CITED
Acosta, P. R. y M. Cházaro B., 1994.
Struthanthus quercicola (Schlechten. &
Cham.) Blume (Loranthaceae), una
adición a la flora fanerogámica del valle
de México y Tlaxcala. Biotam, 6(1): 4750.
Álvarez, S. J. 1979. Diccionario Rioduero de
Botánica, Ediciones Rioduero. Madrid,
España. 249 pp.
Bonilla, B. J. R. y J. L. Villaseñor R., 2003.
Catálogo de la flora del estado de
Morelos. Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor.,
129 pp.
Bray, L. W., 1910. The mistletoe pest in the
southwest. United States Departament of
Agriculture (USDA) Bulletin No. 166,
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Breedlove, D. E., 1986. Listados Florísticos de
México IV. Flora de Chiapas. Instituto de
Biología, UNAM, México, DF. pp. 127128.
9
Fig. 4. Struthanthus interruptus (HBK) Bunme. A) Plant with flowers (Cházaro et al.,
4773); B) Flower detail (Cházaro et al., 4773) (XAL); C) Fruit (Cházaro et al., 5898) (IEB).
10
Burger, W. y J. Kuijt, 1983. Loranthaceae. En:
W. Burger (editor). Flora of Costa Rica.
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de IV Simposio Nacional sobre
Parasitología Forestal. Durango, Dgo.
Tomo II, pp. 604- 612.
Cházaro, B. M. y H. Oliva R., 1987a.
Loranthaceae del centro deVeracruz y
zona limítrofe de Puebla I. Cact. Suc.
Mex. 32(3): 55-60.
______________ 1987b. Loranthaceae del
centro de Veracruz y zona limítrofe de
Puebla II. Cact. Suc. Mex. 32(4): 78-86.
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