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2019, STUDIES ON THONNINGIA SANGUINEA VAHL. (BALANOPHORACEAE) IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA: RANGE AND HOST PREFERENCE
Studies on the host-parasite relationship are intrinsically linked with the nature of parasitic plants. No such records have been recorded for Thonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae), a rare, cryptic, obligate holoparasitic plant endemic to tropical Africa. This study reports on its host range and preference in Southern Nigeria. Its presence and current distribution ranges were plotted from reconnaissance surveys conducted across selected forested areas in Southern Nigeria, comprising, national parks, forest reserves, and community-managed forests. To detect specific hosts, soil excavation leading from parasite to host was conducted. The results showed a broad host range with a special preference for native trees and members of the Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae. Among the common host trees were: Guarea cedrata (Meliaceae), Lophira alata (Ochanaceae), Musanga cecropiodes (Urticaceae), Myrianthus arboreus (Urticaceae), and Ricinodendron heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae). Only Hevea brasiliensis and Theobroma cacao were of exotic origin. Lophira alata was the most susceptible infected host plant with a percentage infestation rate of 28.77, while Musanga cecropiodes had the highest percentage occurrence as host with 31.57 %. This finding could have significant implications on the conservation status of the plant, which accounting for current IUCN status is Not Evaluated (NE). In situ conservation is however recommended.
Proceedings of 7th NSCB Biodiversity Conference
Evaluation of the Conservation Status of Thonningia sanguinea Vahl. (Balanophoraceae) and Threats to its Survival in Southern NigeriaThonningia sanguinea Vahl. Balanophoraceae, a cryptic parasitic plant, is among the poorly understood, yet understudied afro-tropical endemic taxa. This study assessed the conservation status and identified possible threats to the survival of T. sanguinea in southern Nigeria. Data on the distribution, population and possible threats were collected from field survey in twenty-one (21) selected locations. Additionally, 104 residents were interviewed in the study areas. Overall, forty-nine (49) T. sanguinea populations were identified across the selected locations. The results showed that host tree species such as Guarea cedreta (Meliaceae), Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), Lophira alata ((Ochanaceae) Musanga cecropiodes (Urticaceae), Myrianthus arboreus (Urticaceae), Ricinodendron heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae), Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) supported the T. sanguinea populations in the area. However, threats to T. sanguinea populations were habitat loss and degradation, bushfire, and destructive feeding by some forest ruminants. Although, from the IUCN Red list analysis, the status of T. sanguinea is Near-threatened (NT), findings from this study suggests that in the near future it could qualify for a threatened category from continued threat to the survival. It is recommended, therefore, that the identified T. sanguinea populations from this study should be protected and allowed to proliferate with the host plant species.
Djibrilla Mana et al., East African Scholars J Agri Life Sci; Vol-3, Iss-10 (Oct, 2020): 318-331 ©
Altitudinal Distribution of Loranthaceae Parasites of Woody Plants on the Mandara Mountains in the Far North Region, Cameroon2020 •
Despite the importance of Loranthaceae parasites of woody plants in traditional Africa medicine, very few studies have been carried out on their diversity in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon. The study aims to examine the diversity of Loranthaceae parasites of woody plants and determine their altitudinal distribution over the Mandara Mountains in the Far North region, Cameroon. It took place in nine (09) borough spread over four Departments of the Mandara Mountains. The experimental design is made up of 15 Hills (altitude ≥ 1000 m), representing the main treatment. The 15 Hills are chosen at the rate of one Mount every 10 km in the whole of the Mandara Mountains. The Mounts were grouped by three according to the level of altitude of the plain of each Mount to find five Mounts (Mount 1 (< 500 m = Mount 1 + Mount 2 + Mount 15) ; Mount 2 ([500 m - 600 m [= Mount 4 + Mount 5 + Mount 3) ; Mount 3 ([600 m - 700 m [= Mount 6 + Mount 7 + Mount 13); Mount 4 ([700 m - 800 m [= Mount 8 + Mount 9 + Mount 14) ; Mount 5 (> 800 m = Mount 10 + Mount 11 + Mount 12)). On each Hill, two flanks (East and West) were chosen and constituting the secondary treatment, and on each flank, 50 m x 20 m transects (repetitions) were installed by altitude level (tertiary treatment) starting with the plain, to the top of the Hill with a space of 50 m between two transects. All the parasitized trees or not, as well as the parasitic plants were inventoried. A total of 120 host species distributed in 34 families and 75 genera were inventoried. Combretaceae and Mimosaceae were the most represented with 13 species each, either 10.83% for each family. Acacia was the most diverse with 10 species, either 8.33% of the host species. 18 genera, either 24% of the flora, were reported to be monospecific in this zone. In all of the 120 listed host species, 68 species or 56.66% of the host species were parasitized by 1 or 2 parasitic species and represent the first class (I) which is the class of not very sensitive host species parasitism of Loranthaceae. The second class (II) of susceptible host species was made up of 8 species, either 6.66% of the host species which represent species susceptible to parasitism. The third class (III) of host plants consists of species highly susceptible to parasitism. It was represented by 4 species, either 3.33% of the host species. Seven (7) species of Loranthaceae have been identified (Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Danser, Tapinanthus ophiodes (Sprague) Danser, Tapinanthus belvisii (DC) Danser), Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Polh. & Wiens, Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. And Kr.) Danser, Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng) Ballé and Globimetula braunii (Engl.) Tiegh.) and divided into four genera which are Tapinanthus; Phragmanthera; Agelanthus and Globimetula. Tapinanthus was the most diverse with four species (T. bangwensis, T. globiferus, T. ophiodes and T. dodoneifolius). Phragmanthera, Globimetula and Agelanthus each have one species. T. globiferus was the most represented (125.66 ± 71.86 tufts / ha) and was more dense on the side West and at the top of the hills of the Mandara Mountains. Slopes and altitude influence the distribution of Loranthaceae over the Mounts. Keywords: Loranthaceae, Parasite; Hemiparasite, Mandara Mountains, Far North, Cameroon.
2020 •
In Cote d'Ivoire, tree crops are an important source of agricultural income. Unfortunately, the disquieting expansion of Loranthaceae is observed on many annuity crops like cocoa trees, coffee trees and rubber trees. This situation can harm the economy generated by the activity out coming from these speculations. The aim of this study is therefore, to know the diversity of Loranthaceae and to determine the extent of their infestation on crops, in rural area on the periphery of the University Jean Lorougnon Guede. The inventories were carried out by surface and roving survey methods coupled with direct observations on individuals of cocoa trees, coffee trees and rubber trees. In total, 3 species of Loranthaceae: Globimetula danglagei, Phragmanthera capitata var. capitata and Tapinanthus bangwensis (T. bangwensis) were inventoried in the plantations. T. bangwensis is the most abundant parasite on crops. Forty-one host species divided into 34 genera and 21 families have been identi...
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews
Biodiversity and parasitism of Loranthaceae on citrus cultivated in the Mongo departmentCitrus farming is currently a main sector in Africa in general, particularly in the sub-Saharan region. Citrus farming in Cameroon has been expanding since the cocoa crisis and thanks to its financial and economic benefits. The research aim was to evaluate the parasitism of Loranthaceae on citrus trees in the Mongo department. Direct observations were made in the canopy of 796 citrus trees in seven arrondissements, and included species identification, and the Loranthaceae species growing on their foliage. Alive and dead tufts were numbered to estimate parasitism density and mortality rate. Five species of Loranthaceae identified on six citrus species. Tapinanthus predominated with three species, T. bangwensis T. preussii and Tapinanthus sp. Phragmanthera capitata was the most frequent (75.37%), and T. preussii was scattered (2.33%). The highest mean parasitic density was obtained in T. bangwensis has the higher parasitic density (5.76±5.17 tufts/tree), followed by Helixanthera manni...
Odoligie Imarhiagbe
Prospects of ethnobotanical uses of Thonningia sanguinea Vahl. (Balanophoraceae) among selected tribes in southern Nigeria2020 •
Parasitic plants are often time not recognized for their ecological and medicinal potentials but rather as weeds that oblige instant elimination. The present study is aimed at exploring the ethnobotanical potentials of Thonningia sanguinea, an understudied, holoparasitic plant in Southern Nigeria. Primary information about the plant was collected from randomly selected respondents from 18 ethnic groups (Bini, Boki, Efik, Ejagham, Esan, Etolu, Hausa, Etsako, Hausa, Igala, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Kwale, Owan, Urhobo, and Yoruba) in 30 locations, through oral interview and a well-structured questionnaires. The result showed that a significant percentage of the respondents (75%) recognize T. sanguinea as an herbal remedy against aliments such as anemia, aphrodisiac, appetite restorer, asthma, child delivery, condiment, cough suppressant, diarrhea, infant illness, rheumatism, skin infection, sore throat, and stomach upset. Amongst these, its use as an appetite restorer appears to be the most prevalent. All parts of the plants are of significant importance. Nevertheless, the inflorescence bract was the most used. These sets of information indicate that T. sanguinea, although parasitic in nature, is indeed a promising plant with great potentials and therefore should be given more research attention and conservation priority.
Agroforestry Systems
Vertebrate and insect pests and hemi-parasitic plants of Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in NigeriaThis study investigated the occurrence and diversity of hemi-parasitic plants, vertebrate and insect pest species of Parkia biglobosa (Keay), and Vitellaria paradoxa (Gaertn.) as well as the strategies for their control in the parklands of the Nigerian humid savanna. Results indicated that of the two major hemi-parasitic plants encountered, Tapinanthus globiferus was the more widespread with wider host range than T. dodonifolius. Mechanical control by cutback of infested branches was ineffective for both species. The major vertebrate pests consist of 6 avian species from 3 families: Nectaridae, Plocidae and Cuculidae; a fruit bat, Epomops frangueti and an unidentified squirrel. The species fed on both the fruits of the trees and the seeds of the hemi-parasitic plants. Twenty insect species from 14 families were encountered on P. biglobosa compared to 33 species from 17 families on V. paradoxa in all the ecological zones covered in the study. Species diversity was comparatively highe...
PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET
Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergencyInternational Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences
Floristic diversity of Loranthaceae Family and their potential host species in Sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon: case of Diamare plain in Far-North RegionThere is an increasing interest in parasitic plants and infectious disease community ecology in intertropical regions. The study examined the floristic diversity of Loranthaceae family and their potential host species in the ecoregion of Diamare plain in Cameroon. Reasoned sampling method was performed and experimental device consisted of 02 main treatments (Diamare and Mayo-Kani divisions), 08 secondary treatments (councils) and 32 replications (villages), with four (04) villages per council. We used itinerary botanical survey method of 1000 m x 20 m in each village, totalizing 64 ha and all parasitic plants and their potential hosts were inventoried. A total of 11 645 ligneous individuals was inventoried in the Diamare division, distributed within 65 species, 44 genera, and 22 Families. In Mayo-Kani division, a total of 16 645 ligneous individuals were inventoried, distributed in 58 species, 41 genera and 19 families. There was a significant difference between the two divisions in...
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