47019 M.S.Malami et al./ Elixir Biosciences 107 (2017) 47019-47023 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Biosciences Elixir Biosciences 107 (2017) 47019-47023 Phytochemical screening of African mistletoes Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich) Tieghem (loranthaceae) on some host species in Birnin-Kebbi, Nigeria M.S.Malami1,*, M.M.Mainasara1, 2, A.A.Aliero1, B.L.Aliero and H.M.Maishanu 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 2 Department of Heritage and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. ARTICLE INFO Arti cl e h i sto ry : Received: 17 April 2017; Received in revised form: 27 May 2017; Accepted: 7 June 2017; K ey w o rd s Phytochemical, Mistletoes, Ethnomedicinal Pasasite, Host. AB S T RA C T African mistletoe (Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich) Tieghem) is a hemi –plant parasite belonging to the family Loranthaceae. It grows as a partial parasite on the branches of many trees and has various ethnomedicinal uses. Qualitative screening of extracts obtained from 10 different host species in (Fadama Area) Birnin-Kebbi Local Government, Kebbi State revealed the presence of biologically active compounds. Quantitatively. Presence or distribution of phytochemical substances in T. globiferus appeared to be partly dependent on the host plant species. The current study is aimed to make aware about the presence of certain bioactive compounds in plants which attribute them medicinal values & can provide alternative pathway for the replacement of synthetic drugs. Effort should be directed to the phytochemical screening and pharmacological potentials of T.globiferus in order to unlock the full medicinal potentials of the species. © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction Mistletoe, which consists of about 1400 species around the world, belongs to the kingdom Plantae, subkingdom Tracheobionta, super-division Spermatophyte, division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, subclass Rosidae, order Santales [1]. Recent phylogenetic studies confirm that mistletoes belong to five distinct families: Misodendronaceae, Eremolepidaceae, Santalaceae, Viscaceae and Loranthaceae. The largest family of this mistletoe is Loranthaceae which has 75 genera and over 900 species. Among them, six major genera are found in Nigeria, namely: Tapinanthus, Agelanthus, Loranthus, Globimetula, Phragmanthera and Englerina. Tapinanthus is far more widespread in the Nigeria savanna [1]. Mistletoe, in Yoruba speaking area in Nigeria, it is called „afomo‟, in Igbo „apari‟ while in Hausa it is called „kauci‟ [2]. Mistletoes are evergreen, perennial plant species that form a dark green to yellowish-green, drooping bush that can reach 0.6-0.9m long on the branch of a host tree. It has thickly crowded, forking branches and round, jointed stems, the opposite, oval, lanceshaped with leathery leaves of about 5cm long. African mistletoes (Tapinanthus) occur in Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Other forms of mistletoes are American (Phoradendron flavescens) and the European (Viscum album) types [3]. The seeds of Tapinanthus species are dispersed mainly through the agency of birds, bat, insect and animals at a low rate some of these animals peel the berry epicarp before swallowing. The mesocarp contains a viscous sticky fluid, which helps the seed to adhere on host branch. The seed germinates and carryout a peg like root called haustorium, which initially serves for anchorage and later as absorptive organ. Tele: E-mail address: mmgusau96@gmail.com © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved This haustorium penetrates into the vascular system of the host tree and absorbs water, inorganic ions, sugar, amino acid and other essential nutrients from the tree‟s xylem and phloem. The vegetative shoots are given off and later flowers and fruits are produced. The mistletoes thus form a bushy outgrowth on the host [3]. Mistletoes causes abnormal growth and decrease in productivity due to reduction in the overall photosynthetic area of the host plants. They hinder the tree from giving off branches at the positions of attachment and deprive it of food that should be available for its other activities. The host plant is thus weakened and may eventually be killed. Tree‟s that are heavily infected by mistletoe hardly possessed enough nutrients even for basic maintenance of growth and as such express signs of senescence and death [4] Most genera of African mistletoes belong to the family Loranthaceae [1] In West Africa, mistletoes are found on many indigenous trees and a number of tree crops of economic importance, including citrus plants like orange (Citrus sp.), guava (Psidium guajava) Vitellaria paradoxa (Sheer butter), Anacardium occidentale (cashew) Mangeifera indica (mango) Annona squamosal (sugar apple) Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Acacia nilotica etc. Mistletoe is especially interesting botanically because it is a partial parasite (a “hemiparasite”) [1]. As a parasitic plant, it grows on the branches of trunk of trees and actually sends out haustoria that penetrate into the tree and take up nutrients. Mistletoe is also capable of growing on its own; like other plants as it can produce its own food by photosynthesis [5]. Many of these parasitic plants (mistletoes) can simultaneously parasitize many host species. Since different host species may supply a parasite with different resources, a mixture of host species may be superior to a single host 47020 M.S.Malami et al./ Elixir Biosciences 107 (2017) 47019-47023 alone. Boussium et al. (2004) reported as cited in Dlama, such hazards as drought, wind and water erosion and high Oluwagbemileke [1] that mistletoe (T. globiferus) parasitized soil temperature [15]. Vegetation of the area is scattered 126 species, and believed that it is less specific compared to major tree species, farm produce and some animal other mistletoe species. Despite the large host range of the species[15]. majority of parasitic plants. Sample Collection and authentication The ethnomedicinal uses of mistletoes had, for a very Fresh leaves of Tapinanthus were collected in August long time, been in the hands of very few herbal practitioners 2009 from ten different hosts‟ plant species in (fadama Area) who claimed a general use to counter sorcery and magical of Birnin-kebbi local government and labeled 1-10 powers, to treat mental conditions, sterility, and health respectively. The leaves were packed separately in clean problems associated with urino-genital system, rheumatism sterilized polythene bags and brought to the Department of and pain. These hemi-parasitic plants, mistletoes of the Biological Sciences (Botany unit) herbarium, Usmanu Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, are widely used in various Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, for identification. cultures in almost every continent to treat various ailments Identification was further confirmed by Jemilat A. I. at the including hypertension, cancer, and diabetes, or used as a herbarium of National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research diuretic agent [6]. For example, the tea made from and Development (NIPRD) Abuja, Nigeria. Voucher Loranthaceae spp. is believed to cure bone fracture and body specimens were deposited in the two herbaria as pain [7]. Remedies for tumour (Tanachaa) in South-western recommended by [16]. Ethiopia were reported to be prepared by crushing fresh Preparation of Sample leaves of T. globiferus (A.Rich.) Tiegh. and mixed with cold The fresh leaves of the samples were oven dried, water to be administered orally [8, 9]. Also in the Ebolowa thermostatically controlled at 40oC for 48 hours. The dried region of Cameroon, one handful of the fresh leaves of T. leaves were grinded into powder. One gram each of the globiferus is usually mixed with one handful of the root bark powdered samples was extracted separately in 100ml of of Boswella odorata, the ingredients are macerated in 5L of distilled water for 24 hours. The filtrate was obtained using local beer and one glassful is taken twice a day for two weeks muslin cloth, and kept the stock solution. The stock solution to cure syphilis [9]. In Saudi Arabia, fresh stems of T. was later subjected to phytochemical analysis. The methods globiferus (local name, Hadhal) are given orally to all types of [17-19] were employed. of livestock for the treatment of fever and removal of Results and discussion placenta after parturition [10]. Table 1. Woody species infested by T. globiferus in This study was aimed at determining the both qualitative Birnin-Kebbi. and quantitative phytochemical compositions T. globiferus Plants species Common Local name Family name (Hausa) sourced from ten different host species Lawsonia inermis, Psidium guajava Guava Guiba Myrtaceae Acacia nilotica, Psidium guajava, Ceiba pentandra, Balanites Annona squamosa Custard Gwandan Annonaceae aegyptiaca, Citrus sinensis, Annona squamosal, Faidherbia apple daji albida, Albizia zygia Faidherbia albida and Azadirachta Citrus sinensis Sweet Lemu Rutaceae indica so as to confirm its phytochemical variations. orange Materials and Methods Ceiba pentandra Silk Abdugar rimi Bombacacea Study area Cottontree e The study was conducted in Birnin-Kebbi Local Albizia zygia West Madobiyar Mimosaceae government area of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Birnin-Kebbi lies African rafi approximately at an altitude of 200 meters and latitude 12 oN albizia and longitude 4oE in the Sudan savanna vegetation zone in Azadirachta indica Neem tree Dogon yaro Miliaceae Acacia nilotica Egyptian Bagaruwa Mimosaceae the north western Nigeria. The area has a semi-arid climate mimosa that is characterized by long dry (October-May) and short Lawsonia inermis Henna Lalle Lythraceae wet (June-September) seasons with a mean annual rainfall of Balanites aegyptiaca Desert date Aduwa Balanitaceae 665mm average over the period 1980-1998. This is far Faidherbia albida Winter thorn Gawo Mimosaceae exceeded by the potential evapotranspiration of 1770mm Table 1; Woody species infested by T. globiferus in BirninKARDA, (1998) as cited in [11]. Kebbi, collectively 10 species of plants that are infested by T. The minimum and maximum mean temperature of oc oc globiferus are documented in this study. From Table 1, all the Birnin-Kebbi ranged between 20 and 35 , respectively 10 plants species were from different families and genera [12].The condition produce a rather fragile agro ecosystem with representation of one species each with only and agricultural production is hampered by such hazards as Mimocaceae having 3 members the remaining are: drought, wind and water erosion and high soil temperature Myrtaceae, Annonaceae Rubiaceae Bombacaceae, Miliaceae, [13]. Kebbi State occupies a total land area of 36,800 square Lythraceae and Balanitaceae. kilometres. It shares boundaries with Sokoto State on the The result of the preliminary phytochemical analysis North-Eastern axis, Zamfara State on the Eastern part, Niger (Table 2) revealed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, State on the Southern part and Republic of Niger on the volatile oil and tannins in all the samples, while Saponins in Western part. According to NPC (2006) Kebbi State has an four samples numbering 2, 5, 8 and 10 respectively. estimated population of 3,662,103 people. The state has four Glycosides was also recorded in eight sample, however, major tribes, which include: Hausa, Fulani, Dakarkari and cardiac and saponin glycosides were also tested with saponin Gungawa, Others minor tribes include Zabarmawa, glycosides having the highest records as it was observed to Dandawa, Kambari, Yorubas and Igbos [14]. Inhabitants are be absent only on sample number 5, while anthraquinones predominantly farmers even though the condition is fragile was not recorded in all the samples. agro ecosystem and agricultural production is hampered by 47021 M.S.Malami et al./ Elixir Biosciences 107 (2017) 47019-47023 Table 2. Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Ten Samples of T. globiferus infesting ten tree species in Birnin- Kebbi. Phytochemical Alkaloids Tannin’s Saponins Flavonoids Glycosides Cardiac glycosides Saponin glycosides Volatile Oil Steroids Anthraquinones Balsams 1 ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + 2 +++ ++ + +++ +++ + +++ ++ ++ ++ 3 ++ + ++ ++ + +++ ++ - Tree species 4 5 ++ +++ + + ++ +++ ++ + +++ +++ +++ - 6 +++ + +++ ++ + ++ +++ - 7 ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ + 8 +++ ++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ 9 +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ 10 ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + +++ +++ + Key: +++ = Present in large amount, ++ = Present in moderate amount, + = Present in trace amount, - = absent, 1 – 10 = Trees species as indicated in Table 1. Balsam as the last components was recorded to be present in sample 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis The result of the mean analysis for the quantitative phytochemical constituents in the leaves of T. globiferus infesting ten tree species in Birnin-Kebbi (Table 3) revealed that for alkaloids concentration Lawsonia inermis has differed from the rest of the species tested, while Citrus pentandra and Balanites aegyptiaca were similar and least in alkaloid concentration in Acacia nilotica. In Saponin, Psidium guajava has the highest concentration with Faidherbia albida, Annona squamosa, Citrus sinensis and Acacia nilotica being similar but differed with the rest of species. Concentration with Albizia zygia differed from both Faidherbia. albida and Annona squamosa, Citrus sinensis and Acacia nilotica but were similar to Ceiba pentandra. In Flavonoids Citrus sinensis and Faidherbia alibida were high but low in Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica and trace in Acacia nilotica, Glycosides recorded the lowest values of concentration among the all species tested. The results obtained from the qualitative phytochemical screening of ten samples of T. globiferus showed the presence of biologically active compounds in the extracts. These include alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil, as shown in Table 2. The presence of components in species is an indication that it may have some medicinal potential [20]. This is probably due to the fact that each of the components identified has of one therapeutic usage or another. The presence of these compounds in T. globiferus infesting other woody species was earlier observed by Ndukwe et al. (2001). [4, 5, 21], also reported presence of these compounds in T. dodoneifolius. Presence of alkaloids and tannins in the plant extracts are supported by the findings of [22, 23]. Steroids were scantly present as it was recorded only in one out of the ten samples of T. globiferus infesting A. squamosa. The absence of Anthraquinones in all the samples are worth noting taxonomically and medicinally as earlier observed by [4]. Moreover, other components tested include saponins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponin glycosides and balsms. Saponin was recorded in four out of the ten samples. While glycoside was noted in eight out of the ten samples, but absent in Tapinanthus globiferus infesting Psidium guajava, Albizia zygia. Saponin and cardiac glycosides seem to be present in abundance with saponin glycosides recording the highest number as it was seen in nine samples. Balsams was also recorded in six out of the ten samples and absent in samples infesting Citrus sinensis, Ceiba pentandra, Albizza zygia and Azadirachta indica. Saponin has detergent properties and also serve as lytic agent and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties [24]. Generally, glycosides are non-volatile and lack fragrance. But cleaving the glycosidic bond yields the glycan, volatile and fragrant. Glycosides serve as defense mechanisms against insects and herbivores [25]. Presence of some of these active compounds were earlier observed by Aliero, Aliero [26] and Abukakar, Ukwuani [27] on Scadoxus multiflorus and Tamarindus indica respectivily . The differences noted in the chemical constituents of this parasite present on different hosts might justify why the host is as important as the parasite in pharmacognosy and why the use of this parasite in the treatment of an ailment is usually dependent on a particular or specific host [28, 29]. Table 3. Mean Analysis for the quantitative phytochemical constituent in the leaves of T. globiferus infesting ten tree species in Birnin-Kebbi. Host species Psidium guajava Annona squamosa Citrus sinensis Ceiba pentandra Albizia zygia Azadirachta indica Acacia nilotica Lawsonia inermis Balanites aegyptiaca Faidherbia albida L.S.D (P=0.05) Alkaloids (%) 7.6 0h 22.00c 13.0 0g 22.67b 16.00f 20.73d 7.0 0i 24.07a 22.6 0b 17.00e 0.590 COMPONENTS Saponins (%) Flavonoids (%) 31.10a 10.50d 23.5 0b 4.50f b 23.00 16.00a d 19.9 0 7.70c 21.20cd 6.00ef 14.00e 5.20f b 24.20 13.30bc d 19.5 0 12.20cd 10.40f 12.50c b 23.1 0 14.50ab 1.440 1.760 Tannin (%) 33.90c 40.70c 30.70f 43.50b 25.70hi 27.20h 37.70d 32.90ef 28.50fg 47.10a 2.320 Glycosides % 2.31b 1.78d 1.90c 2.34b 2.38b 2.19c 2.05c 2.35b 2.42b 2.72a 0.299 Means followed by same letters in each of the columns were statistically similar at 5% level of significance. 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