RMEBTCRC–cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), colony on a prickly pear, Spain, Andalusia
RM2J9N0WW–Aphid infestation and ladybird on apple tree leaves
RF2FX65CA–a large red slug crawling along the cobblestones with traces of raindrops in search of food, selective focus
RMA5B4GC–Strangler fig (Ficus spp.) on gumbo limbo tree at Royal Palm. Everglades National Park FL
RM2RYH0Y0–Greater Broomrape (Orobanche rapum-genistae) group of flowering stems growing wth Gorse, the host plant.. Carmarthenshire, Wales. May.
RM2G6JCNM–The Ivy Broomrape, Orobanche hederae, a parasitic plant growing on it's host, Ivy, in the UK
RFPA4J6K–growing on tree branches a mistletoe parasite that drinks tree juices, close-up in the forest
RMDBRHG1–Sun shining through the leaves of broad bean plants on my vegetable patch.
RMA4DJG3–Photomicrograph of sectioned dodder, Cuscuta, showing haustoria that penetrate the host's tissue.
RM2BGR3JX–Mistletoe, Viscum album - popular at Christmas - a hemiparasite growing in likely a Black Poplar host tree in Gloucestershire, UK
RF2D4JX7G–Low angle shot of a tree with mistletoe parasites on its branches
RMF76238–Close-up of foliage of box mistletoe, Amyema miquelii, growing on branch of eucalyptus tree in outback Queensland Australia
RM2H4TFR9–Mistletoe On A Tree
RF2B1TW31–Mature birch polypore, bracket fungus, Fomitopsis Betulina, (Piptoporus Betulinus) on decaying trunk of silver birch tree.
RFRYWF54–Eria coronaria orchid, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RM2PG9AX7–Hypocyst (Cytinus hypocistis), plant that lives as a parasite on the roots of cysts. Baratz lake, Alghero, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.
RMMWFP91–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AG64DA–. Elementary principles of agriculture; a text book for the common schools. age; B, same germinating on surface ofleaf; C, autumn spores, or black rust stage. Greatly magnified. the power of carbon assimilation, and are, therefore,dependent on host plants to supply the food they need.They are called independent plants. Many higherplants are dependent in the same way, such as thedodder, or love vine. They grow under many con-ditions, but all must get their food from plant or animalsubstance. Species that get their food from living plantsor animals are called parasites. Those that get theirfood
RMPJY4XE–A house situated in the suburbs of Tynemouth on a sunny day with creeping ivy covering the lower part of the building
RMPG3RM5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-
RMF9005P–DRYADS SADDLE, PHEASANT'S BACK, TURKEY TAIL, BEEF STEAK, ARTIST CONK,
RMT1H67G–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 24 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITKJ ATTACK. True atrophy is best seen in those cases where flower-forma- tion is suppressed. This effect of parasitic fungi on their host is by no means uncommon, the fungus alone reproducing itself, while the assimilating host-plant remains sterile. This atrophy is found not only in annual plants, but also in those where the symbiosis might be designated as perennial. The
RMBWXCHW–Andricus kollari gall marble wasp nature natural wild wildlife environment environmental europe european powys wales close-up
RMDBRHG5–Sun shining through the leaves of broad bean plants on my vegetable patch.
RM2BGR3N3–Mistletoe, Viscum album - popular at Christmas - a hemiparasite growing in likely a Black Poplar host tree in Gloucestershire, UK
RMF7623E–Box mistletoe, Amyema miquelii, growing on tall eucalyptus / gum tree under blue sky in outback Queensland Australia
RF2B1TW3J–Mature birch polypore, bracket fungus, Fomitopsis Betulina, (Piptoporus Betulinus) on decaying trunk of silver birch tree.
RFRYWCX8–Orchid flower of Coelogyne fuscescens,Durgapur village, Assam, India
RM2PG9AWP–Ipocisto (Cytinus hypocistis), pianta che vive da parassita sulle radici dei cisti. Lago di Baratz, Alghero, Sassari, Sardegna, Italia.
RMMWFP93–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AXEY2A–Plants and their ways in South Africa . ng Plants .) they obtain from the host and the carbon dioxide which theycan take from the air. These are called partial parasites.Those which derive all their nourishment from their host arecalled total parasites. Some plants which come up from the ground are parasiticon the roots of other plants. The beautiful pink-and-whiteand crimson Harveya, the flaming Hyobaiiche^ and Sarcophyte^and curious Hydnora are root parasites. The leaves are re-duced to mere scales. 7* 100 Plants and their Ways in South Africa A saprophyte is a plant which lives on dead or d
RMPG4B8N–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHKCA. 303 this fungus as follows :' " Sphacelotheca forms its compound sporophore in the ovule of its host. When the ovule is normally and fully developed in the young flower, the parasite, which always grows through the flower-stalk into the place of insertion of the ovary, sends its hyphae from the funiculus into the ovule, where they rise higher and higher and surround and penetrate its tissue to su
RMFJCMMF–BRACKET, CONK,
RMT1H70M–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 31 Somewhat doubtful cases are the outgrowths resembliiig aerial roots which arise on Zaicrvs canariensis attacked by Ewhasidium lauri. Geyler, their discoverer, regarded them as deformed stem- shoots, but they resemble rather the galls of the alpine-rose. § 6. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI OX CELL-CONTENTS. The most common and, at the same time, most
RMBWXCJR–nature natural wild wildlife environment environmental europe european powys wales close-up close macro arthropod invertebrate
RF2B1TW9A–Mature birch polypore, bracket fungus, Fomitopsis Betulina, (Piptoporus Betulinus) on decaying trunk of silver birch tree.
RFRYWE4Y–Dendrobium longicornu Orchid, Durgapur village, Nagaland, India
RMMWFNW5–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AXE5BR–Forest physiography; physiography of the United States and principles of soils in relation to forestry . Fig. 10. — Upper figure represents nitrous ferment prepared by Winogvodsky from soil from CiteLower figure represents nitric ferment from the same source. (Wiley Soils.) 92 FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY The bacteria live as parasites within the roots of the host plant fromwhich they derive their carbohydrate food supply. The presence ofthe parasites stimulates the development, by the root, of the peculiarswellings known as root nodules or root tubercles. These becomefilled with a bacterial mass consi
RMPG46DM–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.—PHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.—PARASITES. 361. spores; they appear in nature rather as epiphytic growths on the walls of cavities in the bodies of animals which are easily accessible from without, such as the passages of the ear and the bronchi. In most cases the spore of the parasite begins the emission of a germ-tube independently of the host, either after simple absorption of water or by appropriation at the same time of food-material produced outside the ho
RMF53MAC–DRYADS SADDLE, PHEASANT'S BACK, TURKEY TAIL, BEEF STEAK, ARTIST CONK,
RMT1H6BJ–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 25 the ovules become atropliied, whereas the rest of the flower is hypertrophied. Similarly with flowers of cowberry deformed by Exohasidiv.m. 2. Hypertrophy.—Many para- sitic fungi cause abnormal enlarge- ment or other malformation of plants which they attack. The simplest case of hypertrophy is seen in the enlargement of a uni- cellular plant a
RMBWXCK2–nature natural wild wildlife environment environmental europe european powys wales close-up close macro arthropod invertebrate
RF2B1TW42–Mature birch polypore, bracket fungus, Fomitopsis Betulina, (Piptoporus Betulinus) on decaying trunk of silver birch tree.
RFRYWFN9–Gastrochilus desypogon Orchid, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMMWFP9H–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AX73P5–Successful farming : a ready reference on all phases of agriculture for farmers of the United States and Canada . lfa dodder. They are annualsand propagate by seed,and are very peculiarweeds because they liveupon other plants. Fromtheir habit of growth theyare known as parasites.The seeds of thedodder germinate in the soil and the young plants soon perish unlessthey come in contact with a clover or alfalfa plant. Once in contactwith a suitable host plant, the roots of the weed soon decaj^. The fineyellowish and reddish stems twine about the host and spread from plantto plant; a single dodder p
RMPG42X0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste,
RMF4XM81–DRYADS SADDLE, PHEASANT'S BACK, TURKEY TAIL, BEEF STEAK, ARTIST CONK,
RMT1H67H–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamuc parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic fungi, slime-fungi, bacteria, and algae. English ed. by William G. Smith diseasesofplants00tubeuoft Year: 1897 22 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. of Other examples, since many of these will be referred to again in other chapters, particularly when hypertrophy is under consi- deration. § 5. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF THE HOST-PLANT. 1. Arrest of growth, and Atrophy. While a large number of fungi produce more or less extensive enlargement of parts of th
RMBWXCJ3–Andricus kollari gall marble wasp nature natural wild wildlife environment environmental europe european powys wales close-up
RFRYWF11–Orchid flower of Eria coronaria, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMMWFP9P–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AN80KJ–Students' handbook to accompany Plants and their uses . kinds ofplants, as clover, golden-rods, and willows, thatgrow in damp places.The dodders (fig. 34) andsome root parasites, suchas the beechdrops, squaw-root, and cancer-root, arecomplete parasites and haveno green foliage. Otherplants, such as the mistle-toe (fig. 35), have green leaves and do photosynthetic work,but depend on the host for water and the mineral substancesdissolved in it. Such plants are called jmrtnil j>n/-nx/f<-x. 53. Damage inflicted by parasites. Many parasites take somuch water and plant food from the host that
RMPG42YM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and
RMT1HDBK–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the foriuation of zoosporaiigia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. (B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Clmjsochytrium : protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Lcucochytrivm : protoplasm colourless
RMBWXCJD–nature natural wild wildlife environment environmental europe european powys wales close-up close macro arthropod invertebrate
RFRYWCPP–Coelogyne fimbriata Orchid, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMMWFP84–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AN81CK–Students' handbook to accompany Plants and their uses . FIG. 31. Spanish moss, an epiphytic flowering plant These plants often grow in large numbers upon the branches of trees in thesouthern part of the United States. Photograph by B. Mackensen 4. Parasites, or plants which live upon other living plantsor animals (known as host plants or animals). 5. Carnivorous plants, or those which capture small animals,such as insects, and live wholly or partly upon them. 50 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Lianas, which were mentioned in the preceding section, gettheir living without receiving from other plants any
RMPG4B7K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur
RMT1H4GF–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 MODE OF LIFE OF THE PARASITIC FUNGI. 9 I can however hardly regard as parasites, fungi like these which live on an accidental outflow from plants or plant-cells, even though they regularly frequent places where an outflow is to be expected. They exert no influence on the host-plant, and they are nourished by substances which can no longer be regarded as belonging to the host. I would rather include th
RFRYWFGF–Gastrochilus dasypogon Orchid, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMMWFP90–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AX3DFG–Farm crops, their cultivation and management, a non-technical manual for the cultivation, management and improvement of farm crops . gate by seed,and are very pecuHarweeds because they liveupon other plants. Fromtheir habit of growth theyare known as parasites.The seeds of thedodder germinate in the soil and the young plants soon perish unlessthey come in contact with a clover or alfalfa plant. Once in contactwith a suitable host plant, the roots of the weed soon decay. The fineyellowish and reddish stems twine about the host and spread from plantto plant; a single dodder plant often growing o
RMPG4F88–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Chapter XV. Fungicides and Spraying Apparatus. Fungicides. By fungicides are understood those svibstances which are capable of destroying or prohibiting the growth of the spores or mycehum of fungi. Chemical solutions have proved of great value when sprayed upon diseased plants. Such a spray must not only not injure the plant, but must at the same time destroy or hold in check the parasite. It becomes evident, therefore, that such sprays are of greatest benefit in combating fungus parasites which live on the surface of the host plant, i. e., the epi-
RMT1HN85–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplants00tube Year: 1897 SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: ' The gerra-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the i
RFRYWFDF–Gastrochilus dasypogon, Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMMWFP9J–Acacia plant and mistletoe in the sunshine on the garden tourist route in south africa
RM2AJEA2P–Elementary botany . are not capable of develop-ment unless upon their host, and are called obligate parasites. Others cangrow not only as parasites but at other times can also grow on dead organicmatter, and are called facultative parasites, i.e. they can choose either aparasitic life or a saprophytic one. 179. Parasites among the seed plants.—Cuscuta.—There are, however,parasites among the seed plants; for example, the dodder (Cuscuta), para- 84 PHYSIOLOGY. sitic on clover, and a great variety of other plants. There is food enoughin the seed for the young plant to take root and develop a slen
RMMB0AX8–Birds single white feather caught in a mistletoe bush in spring, cambridgeshire, england, europe
RMPG0R68–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CYSTOPUS. 123 Cystopus (Albugo). The mycelium is branched and grows between the cells of living plants, obtaining its nourishment by means of haustoria. The conidial cushions rupture the epidermis of the host. The conidia or sporangia are smooth-coated, and are produced acropetally in chains on short stalks from which they fall off separately when ripe. The sporangia germinate and discharge. Fig. 33.—Cystopvs candid
RMT1HMJF–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplants00tube Year: 1897 CRYPTOMYCES. 247 especially Salve mcana, but also on S. 2urpurca. When the black apothecial cushions break out through the bark, the twigs of the host-plant are frequently still green and leaf-clad. The apothecia originate in the lower bark and so loosen the epidermal layers as to cause the appearance of yellow spots. Black centres appear in the spots, due to the formation of a Fig. 132.—Cryptomyc
RFRYWDE8–Dendrobium amplum orchid,Durgapur village, Assam, India
RM2AGAXJW–. Foundations of botany. Fig. 14. —Lower Part of Stem and Roots of Indian Corn, showing AerialRoots ( Brace-Roots ).a, c, internodes of the stem ; h,d,e,f, nodes of various age bearing roots. Most ofthese started as aerial roots, but all except those from 6 have now reached the earth. ROOTS 39 it may readily be transferred to moderately damp soil,and that the whole plant presents curious modificationswhen made to grow in earth instead of water. 51. Parasitic Roots.^ — The dodder, the mistletoe, and agood many other parasites^ live upon nourishment whichthey steal from other plants, called host
RMMB0AXF–Birds single white feather caught in a mistletoe bush in spring, cambridgeshire, england, europe
RMPG4G46–. An outline of the history of phytopathology . Plant diseases; Plant diseases. THE UNGEEIAN PERIOD 35 In his book, Exantheme der Pflanzen,' published in 1833, linger devotes 20 pages to the relation of fungi to the plants on which they live. He calls them entophytes or "disease organisms," not parasites,^ holding firmly to the idea of the previous period that they originate from the diseased host tissues, but at the same time he. Franz Unger. The greatest autogenetist. (After a portrait in Wittrock's "Acta Horti Bergiani.") recognizes them as distinct organisms, worthy of
RMT1H617–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 22 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. of Other examples, since many of these will be referred to again in other chapters, particularly when hypertrophy is under consi- deration. § n. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF THE HOST-PLANT. 1. Arrest of growth, and Atrophy. While a large number of fungi produce more or less extensive enlargement of parts of their host, others cause arrest of organs,
RFRYWBB2–Anoectochilus roxburghii orchid,Durgapur village, Nagaland, India
RM2CEY14D–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. first pair of legs.These parasites, when young, cling in large clusters to thetips of leaves and twigs of herbs and shrubs, with part oftheir six slender legs extended. When brushed by a passing 46 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. animal, they instantly leave the plant and quickly disperseover their host. They insert their glossoids and mandibles intothe skin, where they cling firmly by means of the numeroushooks, and live by sucking the blood. The abdomen soon be-comes very much swollen, and sometimes grows so large as toresemble a tum
RMPG430E–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FORM OF HOST-PLANT. 25. the ovules become atrophied, whereas the rest of the flower is hypertrophied. Similarly with flowers of cowberry deformed by Uxobasidium. 2. Hypertrophy.âMany para- sitic fungi cause abnormal enlarge- ment or other malformation of plants which they attack. The simplest case of hypertrophy is seen in the enlargement of a uni- cellular plant as a result of an en
RMT1HCYA–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 102 SYMBIOSIS. much and become club-shaped or dichotomously branched bodies without power of division, which may be designated ' bacteroids.' Brunchorst found the contents of the bacteroids Fig. 23.—Jihi:ohlum kguminosarum. Root-twbercles on Kobinia Fseiulacacia (V. Tubexif phot.) to disappear at the time of the fruit-formation of the host- plant. A small number of microbe-bodies still remain, acc
RFRYWH2C–Orchid flower of Oberonia acaulis,Durgapur village, Assam, India
RMRE0RTN–. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 206 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY dependence of one form, the parasite, upon the other, the host. As in the case of the insectivorous plants, there are members of this class which are provided with a chlorophyll apparatus, and which are therefore indebted to their hosts for protein substances only, or perhaps also for certain of their ash constituents. As these almost without exception fasten themselves upon the roots of the host plant, they are frequently spoken of as root-'parasites. Prom their general. Fxu. 99.—Thesium alpinum, showinq the
RMPG0R79–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 110 PHYCOMYCETES. and the formation of zoosporangia take place in the cells of the living host-plant. In addition, spores are formed which have a resting period. {B) Only one kind of spore is formed; it has a resting period, and only proceeds to produce sori of zoosporangia after decay of the host-plant. (a) Ghrysochytrmm: protoplasm contains a yellow oil. (b) Leucochytrium: protoplasm colourless. Each of these divi
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