RMPG1RKN–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 526 ALTERATION OF FORM BY PARASITIC FUNGI. farther apart than in the healthy plant on account of this stretching of the stem. The lower leaves of the shoot are transformed into small fringed scales, and the upper ones are so much shortened that their outline becomes almost circular. The second parasite to which the Cowberry shoot is subject is Exobasidium Vaceinu (a near ally of the already mentioned Exobasidium Lauri, p. 521). The stem becomes pale rose-red colour, and rather thickened and spongy, b
RMRDFX50–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 526 ALTERATION OF FORM BY PARASITIC FUNGI. farther apart than in the healthy plant on account of this stretching of the stem. The lower leaves of the shoot are transformed into small fringed scales, and the upper ones are so much shortened that their outline becomes almost circular. The second parasite to which the Cowberry shoot is subject is Exobasidium Vaceinu (a near ally of the already mentioned Exobasidium Lauri, p. 521). The stem becomes pale rose-red colour, and rather thickened and spongy, b
RMPG42NH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 166 ASCOMYCETES. This is supported by Smith's investigations, in which an an- atomical comparison of diseased twigs of peach and almond showed no difference in the pathological effects. Exoascus crataegi Puck, occurs on Crataegus Oxyacantha^ and causes red swellings on the leaves and flowers, accom- panied by hypertrophy of shoots in which the mycelium perennates. Exoascus Tosquinetii (West). The deformation caused
RMRDC2B6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 166 ASCOMYCETES. This is supported by Smith's investigations, in which an an- atomical comparison of diseased twigs of peach and almond showed no difference in the pathological effects. Exoascus crataegi Puck, occurs on Crataegus Oxyacantha^ and causes red swellings on the leaves and flowers, accom- panied by hypertrophy of shoots in which the mycelium perennates. Exoascus Tosquinetii (West). The deformation caused
RMPG0R7D–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SYNCHYTRIUM. 109. less swollen neighbouring epidermal cells. The sporangia contain reddish-yellow drops of oil, so that the swellings appear yellow. The organs attacked are much distorted and more or less stunted. The same fungus occurs on other Compositae, and is pro- bably identical with S. san- ffuineum of Schroeter, which produces dark red, crusty swell- ings on Cirsium palustre and Orepis biennis. Along with S.
RMRDG2WF–. The natural history of plants. Botany. BALANOPHORA CEM. 505 !« aangumea.. Fig. 486. Male flower (5). species of Balanophora have been distinguished, found in the â warm regions of Asia and Oceania.^ Sarcophyte sanguinea,^ a red and fleshy plant, growing at the Cape, parasitic on the roots of Ekehergia and Acacia, would appear to have the same general organization as Balano- phora, but for its much flatter gynsecium and its ovary being sometim^^s uniovulate, sometimes bi- or triovulate. The male flower (fig. 486) is composed of three or four val- vate sepals and an equal number of super- pos
RMPG1W6W–. The natural history of plants. Botany. BALANOPHORA CEM. 505 !« aangumea.. Fig. 486. Male flower (5). species of Balanophora have been distinguished, found in the â warm regions of Asia and Oceania.^ Sarcophyte sanguinea,^ a red and fleshy plant, growing at the Cape, parasitic on the roots of Ekehergia and Acacia, would appear to have the same general organization as Balano- phora, but for its much flatter gynsecium and its ovary being sometim^^s uniovulate, sometimes bi- or triovulate. The male flower (fig. 486) is composed of three or four val- vate sepals and an equal number of super- pos
RMRDD8F5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SYNCHYTRIUM. 109. less swollen neighbouring epidermal cells. The sporangia contain reddish-yellow drops of oil, so that the swellings appear yellow. The organs attacked are much distorted and more or less stunted. The same fungus occurs on other Compositae, and is pro- bably identical with S. san- ffuineum of Schroeter, which produces dark red, crusty swell- ings on Cirsium palustre and Orepis biennis. Along with S.
RMPG4BE8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 258 ASCOMYCETES. conidia germinate and give off long septate hyphae which, follow- ing the course of the pollen-tube, reach the ovary, and soon iill all four loculi with a white mycelium. The growth of this mycelium proceeds from the central axis towards the walls, and forms a hollow sphere open above and below. The diseased berries cannot be distinguished till ripe; then, whereas the normal are red, the diseased ar
RMRE2N56–. Elementary botany. Botany. CHAPTER XX. FUNGI CONTINUED. *' Rusts" (Uredinese). 400. The fungi known as ''rusts" are very important ones to study, since all the species are parasitic, and many produce serious injuries to crops. 401. Wheat rust {Puccinia graminis).—The wheat rust is one of the best known of these fungi, since a great deal of study has been given to it. One form of the plant occurs in long. Fig. 206. TVTieat leaf with red rust, natural size. Fig. 207.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readab
RMPG42HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 190 ASCOMYCETES. fertilise the trichogyne and cause it to develop as an ascogonium. P. ochraceum (Wahlenb.) {P. fulviom D. C.) causes yellowish- red spots on leaves of Prurnis Padios. P. obscurum Juel. produces thickened leaf-spots on Astragalus alpinus and A. oroboides; on the under side these are whitish, on the upper side they show the spermogonia as red points. The damage caused by Polystigma is easily kept in c
RMRDC25B–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 186 ASCOMYCETES. The dark-red masses of thick-coated, warty perithecia appear in autumn and winter on the dead branches only; the asci contain eight bicellular hyaline spores which germinate directly to form a mycelium. Infection of a new host-plant is effected by the mycelium, which enters by open wounds into living branches; it is quite unable to penetrate the living bark and is dependent on wounds. The mycelium s
RMPG42JH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 185 Nectria. Perithecia yellow or red in colour, and generally produced in close tufts on stromata of the same colour. The asci con- tain eight bicellular spores and few or no paraphyses. Conidia â of various kinds and shapes are also produced. Nectrina cinnabarina Fr.^ (Britain and U.S. America). The -bright-red, button-shaped conidial cushions of this fungus may. Please note that these images are extracte
RMRDRD9E–. Notes on the life history of British flowering plants. Botany; Plant ecology. OROBANCHACE^ 303 The stem is covered with glandular hairs. The plant is parasitic on Hemp, and is occasionally found in Britain, but not native. Lathr^a Parasitic on the roots of trees. Protogynous humble bee flowers. Nectar secreted by a gland on the under side of the ovary. L. Squamaria(Toothwort).âTheplant is flesh-coloured or slightly bluish, with red or purple streaks. The flowering stems and the rhizome bear scales, those underground thick and fleshy. The flowers are in a one-sided spike, which is at first be
RMPG4B2H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CALYPTOSPORA. 371 intercellular spaces become enlarged, and the contents of all cortical cells, except those of the epidermis, takes on a red colour, whereby the young shoots have at first a delicate rose- red colour, though they afterwards turn brown. The lower leaves have a similar red colour, but shrivel and fall off early, while the upper ones develop normally and remain attached.. Fig. 202.—CaXyptospora Goepper
RMRDD8AN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 258 ASCOMYCETES. conidia germinate and give off long septate hyphae which, follow- ing the course of the pollen-tube, reach the ovary, and soon iill all four loculi with a white mycelium. The growth of this mycelium proceeds from the central axis towards the walls, and forms a hollow sphere open above and below. The diseased berries cannot be distinguished till ripe; then, whereas the normal are red, the diseased ar
RMPG42J9–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 186 ASCOMYCETES. The dark-red masses of thick-coated, warty perithecia appear in autumn and winter on the dead branches only; the asci contain eight bicellular hyaline spores which germinate directly to form a mycelium. Infection of a new host-plant is effected by the mycelium, which enters by open wounds into living branches; it is quite unable to penetrate the living bark and is dependent on wounds. The mycelium s
RMRDD7K9–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CALYPTOSPORA. 371 intercellular spaces become enlarged, and the contents of all cortical cells, except those of the epidermis, takes on a red colour, whereby the young shoots have at first a delicate rose- red colour, though they afterwards turn brown. The lower leaves have a similar red colour, but shrivel and fall off early, while the upper ones develop normally and remain attached.. Fig. 202.—CaXyptospora Goepper
RMPG42J4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 77.—Nectna cin^iabari^ia, with peri- thucia on the dead bark of a still-living stem of Elm. Infection has evidently hegun at the wound of a cut branch near the middle, and extended outwards, (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 78.—Nectria. cinnabaHna. Portion of branch (magnified). Light-coloured cushions of conidiophores with conidia are breaking out towards the upper end, and colonies of hard red perithecia towards the lo
RMRDC23R–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 190 ASCOMYCETES. fertilise the trichogyne and cause it to develop as an ascogonium. P. ochraceum (Wahlenb.) {P. fulviom D. C.) causes yellowish- red spots on leaves of Prurnis Padios. P. obscurum Juel. produces thickened leaf-spots on Astragalus alpinus and A. oroboides; on the under side these are whitish, on the upper side they show the spermogonia as red points. The damage caused by Polystigma is easily kept in c
RMPG42DE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLYPOKUS. 439 Seynes,^ three other kinds of spores are produced in addition to basidiospores. Willow, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver fir, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibiting a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with white felted masses of mycelium. The wood, in course of des
RMRDC25Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 185 Nectria. Perithecia yellow or red in colour, and generally produced in close tufts on stromata of the same colour. The asci con- tain eight bicellular spores and few or no paraphyses. Conidia â of various kinds and shapes are also produced. Nectrina cinnabarina Fr.^ (Britain and U.S. America). The -bright-red, button-shaped conidial cushions of this fungus may. Please note that these images are extracte
RMPG0R77–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 112 PHYCOMYCETES. on stems, flower-stalks, radical and cauline leaves, and floral envelopes. Leucochytrium. (1) Forming simple vesicles: S. punctatum, Schroet. On Gagea joratensis. S. rubrocinctum, Magnus, forms little red eruptions on Saxi- fraga gramdata, the cell-sap of the host-plant becoming red. S. alpinum, Thomas. On Viula lijlora. S. anomalum, Schroet. (U. S. America). On Adoxa Moscha- tellina, less common o
RMRE0P80–. Elementary botany. Botany. CHAPTER XXL FUNGI CONTINUED (RUSTS AND SAC FUNGI). "Rusts" (Uredineae. 288. The fungi known as "rusts" are very important ones to study, since all the species are parasitic, and many produce serious injuries to crops. 289. Wheat rust (Puccinia graminis).—The wheat rust is one of the best known of these fungi, since a great deal of study has been given to it. One form of the plant occurs in long. Fig. 145. Fig. 14G. Fig. 147. Fig. 148. Fig. 149. Wheat leaf with red Portion of leaf Natural size. Enlarged. Single St, natural size. enlarged to show
RMPG4GMF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 146 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE orange-red with a pale margin; asci 109 x 8-9.5 fi; spores 19-20 x 6.5-8.5 |i, hyaline. Hymenoscypha Fries (p. 136) This genus of over two hundred species is mainly saprophjrtic, one species only in its conidial stage being parasitic. Ascoma sessile or short-stipitate, usually smooth; asci cylindric to globoid, 8-spored; spores elliptic, blunt to pointed, hyaline; paraphyses filamentose, apically enlarged, hyaline. H. tumulenta P. & D." in its conidial stage as Endoconidium, affects
RMRDC0Y9–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLYPOKUS. 439 Seynes,^ three other kinds of spores are produced in addition to basidiospores. Willow, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver fir, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibiting a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with white felted masses of mycelium. The wood, in course of des
RMPG45D0–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 57 though some weak points in the plant organization may be re- sponsible for the successful attack of the parasite, as has been experimentally proven within the last year. In other words, the most successful parasitic fungi are those which can stimulate the affected parts of host plants to extraordinary effort, or at least do not immediately injure those parts.. Fig. 26.—"Birds-nest" witches'-broom on red cedar caused by the birds-nest rust fungus (Gymnosporangium nidus-avis). The bush-like broom stands vertical o
RMRDC25K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 77.—Nectna cin^iabari^ia, with peri- thucia on the dead bark of a still-living stem of Elm. Infection has evidently hegun at the wound of a cut branch near the middle, and extended outwards, (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 78.—Nectria. cinnabaHna. Portion of branch (magnified). Light-coloured cushions of conidiophores with conidia are breaking out towards the upper end, and colonies of hard red perithecia towards the lo
RMPG4B4E–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 358 UKEDINEAE. some confusion between plants infested with this Puccinia and those with species of Aecidium. The changes induced on anemone by either Aecidium leucospermum D.C. or Aec. puTictatum Pers. are quite distinct (Fig. 190).. Fig. 191.—Puceinia ribis on Red Currant {Ribes rubrum). Teleutospore-patches on leaves and fruit, (v. Tubeuf phot.) P. singularis Magu. On Anemone ranunculoides in Austria and south-eas
RMRDEE5K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 112 PHYCOMYCETES. on stems, flower-stalks, radical and cauline leaves, and floral envelopes. Leucochytrium. (1) Forming simple vesicles: S. punctatum, Schroet. On Gagea joratensis. S. rubrocinctum, Magnus, forms little red eruptions on Saxi- fraga gramdata, the cell-sap of the host-plant becoming red. S. alpinum, Thomas. On Viula lijlora. S. anomalum, Schroet. (U. S. America). On Adoxa Moscha- tellina, less common o
RMPG4ATH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After
RMRDE6FJ–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 146 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE orange-red with a pale margin; asci 109 x 8-9.5 fi; spores 19-20 x 6.5-8.5 |i, hyaline. Hymenoscypha Fries (p. 136) This genus of over two hundred species is mainly saprophjrtic, one species only in its conidial stage being parasitic. Ascoma sessile or short-stipitate, usually smooth; asci cylindric to globoid, 8-spored; spores elliptic, blunt to pointed, hyaline; paraphyses filamentose, apically enlarged, hyaline. H. tumulenta P. & D." in its conidial stage as Endoconidium, affects
RMRDD7PA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 358 UKEDINEAE. some confusion between plants infested with this Puccinia and those with species of Aecidium. The changes induced on anemone by either Aecidium leucospermum D.C. or Aec. puTictatum Pers. are quite distinct (Fig. 190).. Fig. 191.—Puceinia ribis on Red Currant {Ribes rubrum). Teleutospore-patches on leaves and fruit, (v. Tubeuf phot.) P. singularis Magu. On Anemone ranunculoides in Austria and south-eas
RMRDE4NY–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 57 though some weak points in the plant organization may be re- sponsible for the successful attack of the parasite, as has been experimentally proven within the last year. In other words, the most successful parasitic fungi are those which can stimulate the affected parts of host plants to extraordinary effort, or at least do not immediately injure those parts.. Fig. 26.—"Birds-nest" witches'-broom on red cedar caused by the birds-nest rust fungus (Gymnosporangium nidus-avis). The bush-like broom stands vertical o
RMRDED17–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 402 UREDINEAE. G. Ellisii Berk. On Chamaecyparis thyoides. The aecidial stage on Pyrus Mains and P. arhutifolia. On red cedar {Junipencs virginiana): G. macropus Lk. The aecidia and pycnidia occur on Pyrus Malus, P. coronaria, P. arhutifolia, Cratct^us tomentosa, C. Bouglasii, and Amelanchier canadensis; they are known as. Pig. 237.—Spores of Gym. hiseptaium. (After Woenile.) Fig. 23S.—Spores of Gym. Elliiii. (After
RMRE3ANX–. Introduction to botany. Botany. FOODS IN PLANTS 51 51. Saprophytes. In general, the seed plants which are saprophytes occur only in the forest or under shrubs. It is in such situations that plants find a most abundant supply of humus, or decaying organic matter. Com- plete saprophytes — that is, those wliich. Fig. 33. A single Indian pipe plant (Monoiropa uniflora) Note the slender stem and reduced leaves Fig. 34. Clover dodder, parasitic on red clover A, habit sketch of part of the parasite and the host; B, portion of stem of the dodder, showing protuberances from which haustoria pass into
RMRJ0137–. Wayside flowers [microform] : Series II. Being a description of American wild flowers that bloom in late May, June, July and early August. Wild flowers; Fleurs sauvages. r Id Red Lily. iilpkicum. IPJtWilillWTiriiiiOTIir-. Family . Color . . Blooms . Environment, Indian Pipe. Mondtropa uniflhra, ERICACEAE, Heath. The whole plant white, waxy, often pink-tinged. June-July, frequently in early Au- gust. Dark and rich woods, by decaying stumps. Height . 3 ins. to 8 ins. Habitat . Common throughout the continent. Character: Low and fleshy herbs, turning black in fading, parasitic on roots, or grow
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